Emma Whapples

Senior Lecturer in Midwifery University of Wolverhampton

Do women who have encountered vaginal childbirth experience long term incontinence or perineal pain?

Up to 85% of vaginal births result in perineal trauma, of which 69% require suturing (McCandlish et al, 1998; Liu, 2007) It has been suggested that suturing can increase the risk of dyspareunia...

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