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George F Winter

Freelance writer; Fellow of the Institute of Biomedical Science

Conscientious objection

According to Holroyd (1971: 628), in March 1916 the author Lytton Strachey attended a tribunal, seeking exemption from conscription on the grounds of conscientious objection (CO) He was asked by a...

Alternatives to breastfeeding: The use of goats' milk in infant formula

‘The scaling up of breastfeeding to a near universal level could prevent 823 000 annual deaths in children younger than 5 years and 20 000 annual deaths from breast cancer’ (Victora et al, 2016: 475)...

Smoking and pregnancy

‘Smoking during pregnancy can cause serious pregnancy-related health problems These include complications during labour and an increased risk of miscarriage, premature birth, stillbirth, low birth...

Zika virus and the Olympics

Earlier this year, Dr Amir Attaran (2016) demanded that the 2016 Olympic and Paralympic Games ‘be postponed, moved, or both as a precautionary concession’ against the spread of Zika virus (ZIKV) He...

Ethics of knowing the sex of the fetus

Non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT) is a relatively recent development, based on the detection of DNA fragments in maternal serum Up to 20% of these fragments are fetal DNA shed from the placenta,...

Homebirth: More than just a choice

According to Germaine Greer (1985: 6), ‘from conception, pregnancy is regarded as an abnormal state… an illness, requiring submission to the wisdom of health professionals and constant monitoring, as...

The paradox of choice: Antenatal screening and decision-making

Dobelli (2013) cites an experiment in which a supermarket displayed 24 flavours of jelly, which customers could taste and then buy at a discount; the next day, the experiment was repeated with six...

Reception of oocytes from a partner

Last year, at the Hay Festival of Literature and the Arts, feminist icon Germaine Greer scolded gay parents Sir Elton John and David Furnish for naming Furnish as the mother of their two sons on the...

Breastfeeding at home and abroad

Despite all the evidence that breastfeeding is best for babies, many people still hold negative opinions about it For example, Kathryn Blundell—then deputy editor of parenting magazine Mother &...

Body image and pregnancy

According to Skouteris (2012: 664), citing a survey of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, ‘body image concerns are largely ignored by physicians working with pregnant women’...

Evidence on exercise in pregnancy

In 2010, marathon world-record holder Paula Radcliffe finished a 10 km charity run while 7 months pregnant In 2011, Amber Miller completed the Chicago Marathon in 6 hours 25 minutes, and 7 hours later...

Considering genetic modification

In September 2015, it was reported that researchers at London's Francis Crick Institute (2015) had sought permission from the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority (HFEA) to use so-called ‘gene...

Decisions around vaccination

‘We can't change the past but this vaccine will change people's futures’ These were the words of Kelly Mellor, whose daughter contracted meningococcal disease when she was 11 months old, quoted in a...

Handwashing and infections

In May 1847, Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis (1818–1865) showed by experiment that handwashing could prevent infections (Noakes et al, 2008) He instigated a hand-washing regime at the maternity clinic of the...

The ethics surrounding older mothers

In May 2015 a 65-year-old German single mother of 13, Annegret Raunigk, gave birth to quads One might have thought that this qualified Ms Raunigk as the world's oldest mother, but a BBC News report...

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