References

Amir LH, Donath S. A systematic review of maternal obesity and breastfeeding intention, initiation and duration. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2007; 7:(1) https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2393-7-9

Major factors influencing breastfeeding rates: mother's perception of father's attitude and milk supply. 2000. http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/106/5/e67.full.htm

Ball HL, Ward-Platt MP, Howel D, Russell C. Randomised trial of sidecar crib use on breastfeeding duration (NECOT). Arch Dis Child. 2011; 96:(7)630-4 https://doi.org/10.1136/adc.2010.205344

Balogun OO, O'Sullivan EJ, McFadden A Interventions for promoting the initiation of breastfeeding. Cochrane Database Syst Rev.. 2016; (11) https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858. CD001688.pub3

Beake S, Pellowe C, Dykes F, Schmied V, Bick D. A systematic review of structured compared with non-structured breastfeeding programmes to support the initiation and duration of exclusive and any breastfeeding in acute and primary health care settings. Matern Child Nutr.. 2012; 8:141-61 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-8709.2011.00381.x

Bick D, Murrells T, Weavers A, Rose V, Wray J, Beake S. Revising acute care systems and processes to improve breastfeeding and maternal postnatal health: a pre and post intervention study in one English maternity unit. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2012; 12 https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2393-12-41

Breast cancer and breastfeeding: collaborative reanalysis of individual data from 47 epidemiological studies in 30 countries, including 50 302 women with breast cancer and 96 973 women without the disease. Lancet. 2002; 360:(9328)187-95 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(02)09454-0

Dennis CL. Breastfeeding initiation and duration: a 1990-2000 literature review. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs.. 2002; 31:(1)12-32

Dennis CL, Hodnett E, Gallop R, Chalmers B. The effect of peer support on breast-feeding duration among primiparous women: a randomized controlled trial. CMAJ. 2002; 166:(1)21-28

Earle S. Factors affecting the initiation of breastfeeding: implications for breastfeeding promotion. Health Promot Int. 2002; 17:(3)205-214 https://doi.org/10.1093/heapro/17.3.205

Fairbank L, O'Meara S, Renfrew MJ, Woolridge M, Sowden AJ, Lister-Sharp D. A systematic review to evaluate the effectiveness of interventions to promote the initiation of breastfeeding. Health Technol Assess. 2000; 4:(25)1-171

Giles M, McClenahan C, Armour C Evaluation of a theory of planned behaviour-based breastfeeding intervention in Northern Irish Schools using a randomized cluster design. Br J Health Psychol.. 2014; 19:(1)16-35 https://doi.org/10.1111/bjhp.12024

Hannula L, Kaunonen M, Tarkka MT. A systematic review of professional support interventions for breastfeeding. J Clin Nurs.. 2008; 17:(9)1132-1143 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2702.2007.02239.x

Haroon S, Das JK, Salam RA, Imdad A, Bhutta ZA. Breastfeeding promotion interventions and breastfeeding practices: a systematic review. BMC Public Health. 2013; 13 https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-13-S3-S20

Harris PE, Cooper KL, Relton C, Thomas KJ. Prevalence of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) use by the general population: a systematic review and update. Int J Clin Pract.. 2012; 66:(10)924-39 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1742-1241.2012.02945.x

Hoddinott P, Britten J, Prescott GJ, Tappin D, Ludbrook A, Godden DJ. Effectiveness of policy to provide breastfeeding groups (BIG) for pregnant and breastfeeding mothers in primary care: cluster randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2009; 338 https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.a3026

Hoddinott P, Craig L, Maclennan G, Boyers D, Vale L The FEeding Support Team (FEST) randomised, controlled feasibility trial of proactive and reactive telephone support for breastfeeding women living in disadvantaged areas. BMJ Open. 2012; 2:(2) https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2011-000652

Ingram J, Johnson D, Condon L. The effects of Baby Friendly Initiative training on breastfeeding rates and the breastfeeding attitudes, knowledge and self-efficacy of community health-care staff. Prim Health Care Res Dev.. 2011; 12:(3)266-75 https://doi.org/10.1017/S1463423610000423

Ingram J. A mixed methods evaluation of peer support in Bristol, UK: mothers', midwives' and peer supporters' views and the effects on breastfeeding. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2013; 13 https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2393-13-192

Jannot AS, Agoritsas T, Gayet-Ageron A, Perneger TV. Citation bias favoring statistically significant studies was present in medical research. J Clin Epidemiol.. 2013; 66:(3)296-301 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2012.09.015

Johnson M, Whelan B, Relton C Valuing breastfeeding: A qualitative study of women's experiences of a financial incentive scheme for breastfeeding. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2018; 18:(1) https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-017-1651-7

Jolly K, Ingram L, Freemantle N Effect of a peer support service on breastfeeding continuation in the UK: A randomised controlled trial. Midwifery. 2012; 28:(6)740-5 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2011.08.005

MacArthur C, Jolly K, Ingram L. Antenatal peer support workers and initiation of breast feeding: cluster randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2009; 338 https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.b131

Martin C, Ling PR, Blackburn G. Review of infant feeding: key features of breast milk and infant formula. Nutrients. 2016; 8:(5) https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8050279

McAndrew F, Thompson J, Fellows L, Large A, Speed M, Renfrew MJ. Infant Feeding Survey 2010.London: Health and Social Care Information Centre; 2012

Miller J, Beharie MC, Taylor AM, Simmenes EB, Way S. Parent reports of exclusive breastfeeding after attending a combined midwifery and chiropractic feeding clinic in the United Kingdom: a cross-sectional service evaluation. J Evid Based Complementary Altern Med. 2016; 21:(2)85-91 https://doi.org/10.1177/2156587215625399

Odom EC, Li R, Scanlon KS, Perrine CG, Grummer-Strawn L. Association of family and health care provider opinion on infant feeding with mother's breastfeeding decision. J Acad Nutr Diet.. 2014; 114:(8)1203-7 https://doi.org/10.1016/j. jand.2013.08.001

Relton C, Strong M, Thomas KJ Effect of financial incentives on breastfeeding: a cluster randomized clinical trial. JAMA Pediatr.. 2018; 172:(2) https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2017.4523

Renfrew MJ, Spiby H, D'Souza L, Wallace LM, Dyson L, McCormick F. Rethinking research in breast-feeding: a critique of the evidence base identified in a systematic review of interventions to promote and support breast-feeding. Public Health Nutr.. 2007; 10:(7)726-32 https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980007387405

Renfrew MJ, McCormick FM, Wade A, Quinn B, Dowswell T. Support for healthy breastfeeding mothers with healthy term babies. Cochrane Database Syst Rev.. 2012; (5) https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD001141.pub4

Scott S, Pritchard C, Szatkowski L. The impact of breastfeeding peer support for mothers aged under 25: a time series analysis. Matern Child Nutr.. 2017; 13:(1) https://doi.org/10.1111/mcn.12241

Tappin D, Bauld L, Purves D Financial incentives for smoking cessation in pregnancy: randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2015; 350:(jan27 4) https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj. h134

Thomson G, Dykes F, Hurley MA, Hoddinott P. Incentives as connectors: insights into a breastfeeding incentive intervention in a disadvantaged area of North-West England. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2012; 12 https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2393-12-22

Ward KN, Byrne JP. A critical review of the impact of continuing breastfeeding education provided to nurses and midwives. J Hum Lact.. 2011; 27:(4)381-393 https://doi.org/10.1177/0890334411411052

Have interventions been effective at increasing the rates of breastfeeding in the UK?

02 May 2019
Volume 27 · Issue 5

Abstract

Background

The World Health Organization recommends exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months of life; however, UK breastfeeding rates are some of the lowest worldwide. As such, various interventions have been trialled, aiming to increase breastfeeding rates.

Aims

To evaluate the effectiveness of interventions to increase breastfeeding rates in the UK and determine the features of successful interventions.

Methods

A literature search was performed, using four databases. The results were refined by applying inclusion and exclusion criteria. Two additional articles were recognised by scanning the references sections of identified studies, resulting in 12 articles for review.

Findings

Support-based interventions had predominantly insignificant effects upon breastfeeding rates. Incentives were associated with increases in rates, while combined interventions had mixed success. The interventions were well received by mothers and clinicians and may help to normalise breastfeeding.

Conclusions

Future interventions should provide targeted, personalised support to overcome breastfeeding difficulties, and reward mothers for their efforts.

The rates of breastfeeding initiation and maintenance in the UK are some of the lowest in the world, despite extensive evidence in support of the notion that ‘breast is best’ (Earle, 2002). Exclusive breastfeeding, defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) as ‘only breastmilk without any additional food or drink’ (Ingram et al, 2011), is recommended for the first 6 months of life followed by breastfeeding in combination with complementary solid foods up to 2 years of age (Ingram et al, 2011). Breastfeeding is the recommended feeding method due to the presence of bioactive agents in breast milk that aid infant development (Martin et al, 2016). Furthermore, it has significant health benefits for the mother, such as protection against breast cancer (Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer, 2002).

Register now to continue reading

Thank you for visiting British Journal of Midwifery and reading some of our peer-reviewed resources for midwives. To read more, please register today. You’ll enjoy the following great benefits:

What's included

  • Limited access to our clinical or professional articles

  • New content and clinical newsletter updates each month