References

All4Maternity. Why you should choose All4Maternity. 2024. https://tinyurl.com/3ftw6z39

Al Sabati SY, Mousa O Effect of early initiation of breastfeeding on the uterine consistency and the amount of vaginal blood loss during early postpartum period. Nursing & Primary Care. 2019; 3:(3)2-7 https://doi.org/10.33425/2639-9474.1108

Angell C, van Teijlingen E, Hundley V, Ryan K Users of the healthtalk.org breastfeeding webpages; their characteristics and views. Evid Based Midwifery. 2015; 13:(2)54-58

Arksey H, O'Malley L Scoping studies: towards a methodological framework. Int J Soc Res Methodol. 2005; 8:(1)19-32 https://doi.org/10.1080/1364557032000119616

Australian Breastfeeding Association. Celebrating 60 years of trusted breastfeeding support. 2024. https://tinyurl.com/5n7utp87

Australian College of Midwives. Further your knowledge - enhance your career - strengthen your profession. 2024. https://tinyurl.com/2zjx4xzx

Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Australia's mothers and babies: breastfeeding. 2023. https://tinyurl.com/84dyvxzb

Borges VF, Lyons TR, Germain D, Schedin P Postpartum involution and cancer: an opportunity for targeted breast cancer prevention and treatments?. Cancer Res. 2020; 80:(9)1790-1798 https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-19-3448

Burns E, Triandafilidis Z, Schmied V Designing a model of breastfeeding support in Australia: an appreciative inquiry approach. Health Soc Care Community. 2020; 28:(5)1723-1733 https://doi.org/10.1111/hsc.12997

Campbell SH, de Oliveira Bernardes N, Tharmaratnam T, Mendonça Vieira FV Educational resources and curriculum on lactation for health undergraduate students: a scoping review. J Hum Lact. 2022; 38:(1)89-99 https://doi.org/10.1177/0890334420980693

Cervera-Gasch Á, Mena-Tudela D, Leon-Larios F Female employees' perception of breastfeeding support in the workplace, public universities in Spain: a multicentric comparative study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020; 17:(17) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176402

Council of Australian Governments Health Council. The Australian national breastfeeding strategy: 2019 and beyond. 2019. https://tinyurl.com/3mkuxyhf

Cramer RL, McLachlan HL, Shafiei T Women's experiences of infant feeding support: findings from a cross-sectional survey in Victoria, Australia. Women Birth. 2021; 34:(5)e505-e513 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wombi.2020.09.026

Demirci J, Caplan E, Murray N, Cohen S “I just want to do everything right”: primiparous women's accounts of early breastfeeding via an app-based diary. J Pediatr Health Care. 2018; 32:(2)163-172 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedhc.2017.09.010

Dubik SD, Yirkyio E, Ebenezer KE Breastfeeding in primary healthcare setting: evaluation of nurses and midwives competencies, training, barriers and satisfaction of breastfeeding educational experiences in northern Ghana. Clin Med Insights Pediatr. 2021; 15:(5) https://doi.org/10.1177/11795565211010704

Garland MT, Wright MA Breastfeeding bootcamp workshop. Women Birth. 2022; 35:44-45 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wombi.2022.07.124

A pilot study to evaluate the effect of classroom-based high-fidelity simulation on midwifery students' self-efficacy in clinical lactation and perceived translation of skills to the care of the breastfeeding motherinfant dyad. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2021.103078

Hartney N, Dooley D, Nagle C Using animation to teach breastfeeding physiology: a proof of concept study. Int Breastfeed J. 2021; 16:(1) https://doi.org/10.1186/s13006-021-00368-2

Hornsby PP, Gurka KK, Conaway MR, Kellams AL Reasons for early cessation of breastfeeding among women with low income. Breastfeed Med. 2019; 14:(6)375-381 https://doi.org/10.1089/bfm.2018.0206

International Confederation of Midwives. Who we are. 2024. https://tinyurl.com/yryn4zy4

Lockyer F, McCann S, Moore SE Breast milk micronutrients and infant neurodevelopmental outcomes: a systematic review. Nutrients. 2021; 13:(11) https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13113848

Mavranezouli I, Varley-Campbell J, Stockton S The costeffectiveness of antenatal and postnatal education and support interventions for women aimed at promoting breastfeeding in the UK. BMC Public Health. 2022; 22:(1) https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-12446-5

McAllister H, Bradshaw S, Ross-Adjie G A study of in-hospital midwifery practices that affect breastfeeding outcomes. Breastfeed Rev. 2009; 17:(3)11-15

Modugno F, Goughnour SL, Wallack D Breastfeeding factors and risk of epithelial ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol. 2019; 153:(1)116-122 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ygyno.2019.01.017

Mohebati LM, Hilpert P, Bath S Perceived insufficient milk among primiparous, fully breastfeeding women: is infant crying important?. Matern Child Nutr. 2021; 17:(3) https://doi.org/10.1111/mcn.13133

Morrison AH, Gentry R, Anderson J Mothers' reasons for early breastfeeding cessation. MCN Am J Matern Child Nurs. 2019; 44:(6)325-330 https://doi.org/10.1097/NMC.0000000000000566

Muro-Valdez JC, Meza-Rios A, Aguilar-Uscanga BR Breastfeeding-related health benefits in children and mothers: vital organs perspective. Medicina (Kaunas). 2023; 59:(9) https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina59091535

Nehring-Gugulska M, Nehring P, Królak-Olejnik B Breastfeeding knowledge among Polish healthcare practitioners supporting breastfeeding mothers. Nurse Educ Pract. 2015; 15:(5)381-386 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nepr.2015.03.011

Newby R, Brodribb W, Ware RS, Davies PSW Internet use by first-time mothers for infant feeding support. J Hum Lact. 2015; 31:(3)416-424 https://doi.org/10.1177/0890334415584319

North K, Gao M, Allen G, Lee ACC Breastfeeding in a global context: epidemiology, impact, and future directions. Clin Ther. 2022; 44:(2)228-244 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinthera.2021.11.017

Ojukwu NNC, Mutula S, Saliu SA Social media usage for academic purpose: a systematic literature review 2010 to 2020. J Soc Media Learning. 2021; 2:(1) https://doi.org/10.24377/LJMU.jsml.vol2article501

Pace RM, Williams JE, Järvinen KM Characterization of SARS-CoV-2 RNA, antibodies, and neutralizing capacity in milk produced by women with COVID-19. MBio. 2021; 12:(1)e03192-20 https://doi.org/10.1128/mBio.03192-20

Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ. 2021; 372 https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n71

Paez A Gray literature: an important resource in systematic reviews. J Evid Based Med. 2017; 10:(3)233-240 https://doi.org/10.1111/jebm.12266

Pérez-Escamilla R, Buccini GS, Segura-Pérez S, Piwoz E Perspective: should exclusive breastfeeding still be recommended for 6 months?. Adv Nutr. 2019; 10:(6)931-943 https://doi.org/10.1093/advances/nmz039

Rameez RM, Sadana D, Kaur S Association of maternal lactation with diabetes and hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Netw Open. 2019; 2:(10)e1913401-e1913401 https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.13401

Royal College of Midwives. Member benefits. 2024. https://tinyurl.com/28vy5t5c

Sandhi A, Nguyen CTT, Lin-Lewry M, Lee GT, Kuo SY Effectiveness of breastfeeding educational interventions to improve breastfeeding knowledge, attitudes, and skills among nursing, midwifery, and medical students: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nurse Educ Today. 2023; 126 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2023.105813

Santacruz-Salas E, Aranda-Reneo I, Hidalgo-Vega Á, Blanco-Rodriguez JM, Segura-Fragoso A The economic influence of breastfeeding on the health cost of newborns. J Hum Lact. 2019; 35:(2)340-348 https://doi.org/10.1177/0890334418812026

Sattari M, Serwint JR, Levine DM Maternal implications of breastfeeding: a review for the internist. Am J Med. 2019; 132:(8)912-920 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2019.02.021

Scime NV, Metcalfe A, Nettel-Aguirre A Breastfeeding difficulties in the first 6 weeks postpartum among mothers with chronic conditions: a latent class analysis. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2023; 23:(1) https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-023-05407-w

Shipton ME, de Jersey S, Foxcroft MK, Lee N, Callaway L “You're just a number”: women's experiences of antenatal breastfeeding education and model of care. Women Birth. 2023; 36:S20-S20 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wombi.2023.07.052

Simpson KR Breastfeeding challenges. MCN Am J Matern Child Nurs. 2019; 44:(2) https://doi.org/10.1097/NMC.0000000000000506

Spencer RL, Stephenson J, Thomas C “One of those things the student is left to do”. Student midwives' experience of infant feeding education. A phenomenological study. Nurse Educ Pract. 2022; 63 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nepr.2022.103416

Ssengabadda PA An exploratory qualitative study into student midwives' experience of learning to support mothers to exclusively breastfeed their babies. MIDIRS Midwifery Digest. 2017; 27:(3)359-366

Tamata AT, Mohammadnezhad M, Tamani L Registered nurses' perceptions on the factors affecting nursing shortage in the Republic of Vanuatu Hospitals: a qualitative study. PLoS One. 2021; 16:(5) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0251890

The Milk Meg. Home. 2024. https://tinyurl.com/rumhhkkh

Tricco AC, Lillie E, Zarin W PRISMA extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR): checklist and explanation. Ann Intern Med. 2018; 169:(7)467-473 https://doi.org/10.7326/M18-0850%m30178033

Victora CG, Bahl R, Barros AJD Breastfeeding in the 21st century: epidemiology, mechanisms, and lifelong effect. Lancet. 2016; 387:(10017)475-490 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)01024-7

Walters DD, Phan LTH, Mathisen R The cost of not breastfeeding: global results from a new tool. Health Policy Plan. 2019; 34:(6)407-417 https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czz050

World Health Organization. Breastfeeding. 2022. https://tinyurl.com/3b4zfx68

World Health Organization. Exclusive breastfeeding for optimal growth, development and health of infants. 2023. https://tinyurl.com/4jk8n9mw

Xu D, Zhou S, Liu Y, Scott AL, Yang J, Wan F Complement in breast milk modifies offspring gut microbiota to promote infant health. Cell. 2024; 187:(3)750-763 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2023.12.019

Sources of breastfeeding knowledge and support skills among midwives and students: a scoping review

02 December 2024

Abstract

Background/Aims

Early discontinuation of exclusive breastfeeding often occurs as a result of conflicting advice provided by midwives and other healthcare professionals. The aim of this study was to explore sources of breastfeeding knowledge and acquisition of support skills among midwives and midwifery students.

Methods

This scoping review explored peer-reviewed and grey literature, identifying and synthesising seven studies and one conference abstract published between 2014 and 2024, after screening 27 full-text articles based on eligibility criteria.

Results

Only one study focused on breastfeeding knowledge sources, revealing that on-the-job training was the primary source (64.4%) for midwives and nurses. Seven papers detailed educational programmes, including simulation workshops, animation videos and web resources. Grey literature highlighted relevant organisations, websites and social media platforms.

Conclusions

Despite the widespread availability of breastfeeding education resources, this review identified a significant gap in understanding how midwives and students use these resources.

Implications for practice

Enhancing training and support for midwives and students is important to ensure effective use of existing resources for breastfeeding education. Expanding the available digital resources would also provide vital support.

Exclusive breastfeeding is the optimal nutritional food for newborns and babies under 6 months old (Pérez-Escamilla et al, 2019). Numerous benefits for both babies and mothers, including antibody protection against pathogens for babies, have been reported (Victora et al, 2016; Xu et al, 2024). During the COVID-19 pandemic, Pace et al (2021) demonstrated that breast milk from infected mothers provides valuable antibodies against infection in the infant. Breast milk has also been linked to higher intelligence levels in babies (Lockyer et al, 2021; North et al, 2022) and a lower risk of diabetes and hypertension in mothers (Rameez et al, 2019). Evidence shows that breastfeeding mothers have increased uterine involution (Al Sabati and Mousa, 2019), lower postpartum cholesterol and triglyceride levels (Sattari et al, 2019), reduced ovarian cancer risk (Modugno et al, 2019), increased protection against breast cancer (Borges et al, 2020) and a lifelong positive effect on their health (Muro-Valdez et al, 2023). Breastfeeding has also been associated with savings in healthcare costs and is a cost-efficient economic option for infant feeding (Santacruz-Salas et al, 2019; Walters et al, 2019).

Register now to continue reading

Thank you for visiting British Journal of Midwifery and reading some of our peer-reviewed resources for midwives. To read more, please register today. You’ll enjoy the following great benefits:

What's included

  • Limited access to our clinical or professional articles

  • New content and clinical newsletter updates each month