Many endocrine responses are initiated by neural triggers and the hormones produced (chemical messengers) often act as neurotransmitters too. However, whereas the nervous system responds rapidly,...
The respiratory system provides the exchange of gases needed for cellular respiration. Air is inhaled from the atmosphere into the lungs, oxygen is then transported via the cardiovascular system to...
The heart is a hollow muscled organ. The specialised cardiac muscle consists of three layers: the pericardium, myocardium and endocardium. The pericardium is a thin fibrous sheath surrounding the...
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