References

Aibangbee E, Paul R, Hirshberg JS COVID-19 infection and diabetes in pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2022; 226:(1) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2021.11.1033

Allotey J, Stallings E, Bonet M Clinical manifestations, risk factors, and maternal and perinatal outcomes of coronavirus disease 2019 in pregnancy: living systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ (Clinical research ed). 2020; 370 https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m3320

Al-Rawi NH, Sammouda AR, Al Rahin EA Prevalence of anosmia or ageusia in patients with COVID-19 Among United Arab Emirates population. Int Dental J. 2022; 72:(2)249-256 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.identj.2021.05.006

Braunthal S, Brateanu A. Hypertension in pregnancy: pathophysiology and treatment. SAGE Open Med. 2019; 7 https://doi.org/10.1177/2050312119843700

Cavazos-Rehg PA, Krauss MJ, Spitznagel EL Maternal age and risk of labor and delivery complications. Mat Child Health J. 2015; 19:(6)1202-1211 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-014-1624-7

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Pregnant and recently pregnant people: at increased risk for severe illness from COVID-19. 2022. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/need-extra-precautions/pregnant-people.html (accessed 1 October 2022)

Chinen Y, Kinjyo Y, Mekaru K Critical respiratory failure in pregnancy complicated with COVID-19: a case report. Case Reports Womens Health. 2021; 30 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crwh.2021.e00309

Chmielewska B, Barratt I, Townsend R Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on maternal and perinatal outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Global Health. 2021; 9:(6)e759-e772 https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(21)00079-6

Ciapponi A, Bardach A, Comandé D COVID-19 and pregnancy: an umbrella review of clinical presentation, vertical transmission, and maternal and perinatal outcomes. PloS One. 2021; 16:(6) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0253974

Dashraath P, Wong J, Lim M Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2020; 222:(6)521-531 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2020.03.021

Dileep A, Zain Al Abdin S, Abu Ruz S. Investigating the association between severity of COVID-19 infection during pregnancy and neonatal outcomes. Sci Rep. 2022; 12:(1) https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-07093-8

Dotters-Katz SK, Hughes BL. Considerations for obstetric care during the COVID-19 pandemic. Am J Perinatol. 2020; 37:(8)773-779 https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1710051

Flaherty SJ, Delaney H, Matvienko-Sikar K, Smith V. Maternity care during COVID-19: a qualitative evidence synthesis of women's and maternity care providers' views and experiences. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2022; 22:(1) https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-022-04724-w

Goyal M, Singh P, Singh K, Shekhar S, Agrawal N, Misra S. The effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on maternal health due to delay in seeking health care: experience from a tertiary center. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2021; 152:(2)231-235 https://doi.org/10.1002/ijgo.13457

Han Y, Ma H, Suo M Clinical manifestation, outcomes in pregnant women with COVID-19 and the possibility of vertical transmission: a systematic review of the current data. J Perinatal Med. 2020; 48:(9)912-924 https://doi.org/10.1515/jpm-2020-0431

Harrison AG, Lin T, Wang P. Mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 transmission and pathogenesis. Trends Immunol. 2020; 41:(12)1100-1115 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.it.2020.10.004

Khalil A, von Dadelszen P, Kalafat E Change in obstetric attendance and activities during the COVID-19 pandemic. Lancet Infect Dis. 2021; 21:(5) https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30779-9

Kiftia M, Rizkia M, Ardhia D, Darmawati . The correlation among pregnant woman's education level with knowledge and behaviour on readiness toward COVID-19 pandemic. Enfermeria Clinica. 2022; 32:S35-S38 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enfcli.2022.03.014

Kourtis AP, Read JS, Jamieson DJ. Pregnancy and infection. New Eng J Med. 2014; 370:(23)2211-2218 https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra1213566

Kumar R, Yeni CM, Utami NA SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy and pregnancy-related conditions: concerns, challenges, management and mitigation strategies-a narrative review. J Infect Public Health. 2021; 14:(7)863-875 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiph.2021.04.005

Kumbeni MT, Apanga PA, Yeboah EO, Lettor I. Knowledge and preventive practices towards COVID-19 among pregnant women seeking antenatal services in Northern Ghana. PloS One. 2021; 16:(6) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0253446

Li W, Yu N, Kang Q Clinical manifestations and maternal and perinatal outcomes with COVID-19. Am J Reprod Immunol. 2020; 84:(5) https://doi.org/10.1111/aji.13340

Lippi G, Wong J, Henry BM. Myalgia may not be associated with severity of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). World J Emergency Med. 2020; 11:(3)193-194 https://doi.org/10.5847/wjem.j.1920-8642.2020.03.013

Matsushita K, Marchandot B, Jesel L, Ohlmann P, Morel O. Impact of COVID-19 on the cardiovascular system: a review. J Clin Med. 2020; 9:(5) https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9051407

Molteni E, Astley CM, Ma W SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) infection in pregnant women: characterization of symptoms and syndromes predictive of disease and severity through real-time, remote participatory epidemiology. MedRxiv. 2020; https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.08.17.20161760

Motlagh AJ, Esmaelzadeh Saeieh S, Parhigar O, Salehi L. An asthmatic pregnant woman with COVID-19: a case report study. Resp Med Case Reports. 2020; 31 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmcr.2020.101296

Paolini A, Borella R, De Biasi S Cell death in coronavirus infections: uncovering its role during COVID-19. Cells. 2021; 10:(7) https://doi.org/10.3390/cells10071585

Samadi P, Alipour Z, Ghaedrahmati M, Ahangari R. The severity of COVID-19 among pregnant women and the risk of adverse maternal outcomes. Int J Gynaecol Obstetrics. 2021; 54:(1)92-99 https://doi.org/10.1002/ijgo.13700

Singh AK, Jain PK, Singh NP Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on maternal and child health services in Uttar Pradesh, India. J Fam Med Primary Care. 2021; 10:(1)509-513 https://doi.org/10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_1550_20

Sreedharan J, Nair SC, Muttappallymyalil J Case fatality rates of COVID-19 across the globe: are the current draconian measures justified?. J Public Health. 2021; 1-9 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10389-021-01491-4

Vaira LA, Salzano G, Deiana G, De Riu G. Anosmia and ageusia: common findings in COVID-19 patients. Laryngoscope. 2020; 130:(7) https://doi.org/10.1002/lary.28692

Vouga M, Favre G, Martinez-Perez O Maternal outcomes and risk factors for COVID-19 severity among pregnant women. Sci Rep. 2021; 11:(1) https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-92357-y

Widyadharma I, Sari N, Pradnyaswari KE Pain as clinical manifestations of COVID-19 infection and its management in the pandemic era: a literature review. Egypt J Neurol Psychiatry Neurosurg. 2020; 56:(1) https://doi.org/10.1186/s41983-020-00258-0

World Health Organization. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. 2022. https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019 (accessed 30 September 2022)

Yee J, Kim W, Han JM S. Clinical manifestations and perinatal outcomes of pregnant women with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep. 2020; 10:(1) https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-75096-4

Risk factors and clinical manifestations of COVID-19 in pregnant women in Indonesia

02 April 2023
Volume 31 · Issue 4

Abstract

Background/Aims

Pregnant women are at higher risk for severe illness from COVID-19 than non-pregnant women. Research investigating risk factors and clinical manifestations of COVID-19 in pregnant women is limited in Indonesia. Therefore, this study's aim was to investigate these clinical issues.

Methods

For this observational cross-sectional study, data were collected from Merah Putih Government Hospital. A total of 106 medical records were analysed using descriptive statistics and Pearson's Chi-squared test, to examine differences in risk factors or clinical manifestations in pregnant women with or without COVID-19.

Results

There were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of risk factors such as diabetes, bronchial asthma and cardiovascular disease. There were significant differences between the groups for clinical manifestations of fever, cough, dyspnea, ageusia, rapid antigen test and lymphocytopenia.

Conclusions

Coordinated care strategies should be initiated, particularly in the assessment of vulnerable pregnant women. Future pandemic preparedness studies should be considered to improve and protect maternal and child health in Indonesia.

As of 28 February 2023, the World Health Organization (WHO, 2022) documented more than 758 million cumulative cases of COVID-19, with more than 6 million deaths globally. In Indonesia, there were more than 6 million confirmed cases of COVID-19 with over 158 000 deaths (WHO, 2022). The pandemic impacted healthcare delivery, including maternity care (Goyal et al, 2021), as COVID-19 has adverse effects on maternal and child health, including increasing the likelihood of stillbirth, maternal depression, maternal death and ruptured ectopic pregnancy (Chmielewska et al, 2021; Singh et al, 2021). Emergency obstetric care needed to be conducted with an awareness of vulnerable groups while maintaining personal hygiene and social distancing (Dotters-Katz and Hughes, 2020). Additionally, there was a reduction in healthcare-seeking behavior at maternity services (Khalil et al, 2021); this may have been an issue as a pregnant woman undergoes significant changes, resulting from the health and wellbeing needs of herself and her baby, and a lack of appropriate maternity care can impact pregnancy and birth outcomes (Flaherty et al, 2022).

Register now to continue reading

Thank you for visiting British Journal of Midwifery and reading some of our peer-reviewed resources for midwives. To read more, please register today. You’ll enjoy the following great benefits:

What's included

  • Limited access to our clinical or professional articles

  • New content and clinical newsletter updates each month